Site Feedback

Title 40

Displaying title 40, up to date as of 10/07/2026. Title 40 was last amended 10/02/2026.
New Finding Aids are now available on eCFR.gov. The Parallel Table of Authorities, Subject Index, and Agency-prepared Indexes are now online! Learn more
eCFR Content

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR.

Learn more about the eCFR, its status, and the editorial process.

Subpart A—Cadmium Subcategory

§ 461.10 Applicability; description of the cadmium subcategory.

This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United States, and introductions of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works from the manufacturing of cadmium anode batteries.

§ 461.11 Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT).

(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available:

(1) Subpart A—Pasted and Pressed Powder Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 0.92 0.41
Nickel 5.18 3.43
Zinc 3.94 1.65
Cobalt 0.57 0.24
Oil and grease 54.00 32.40
TSS 111.00 52.65
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(2) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 237.0 104.6
Nickel 1,338.2 885.2
Zinc 1,017.6 425.2
Cobalt 146.4 62.7
Oil and grease 13,940.0 8,364.0
TSS 28,577.0 13,592.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(3) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 339.3 149.7
Nickel 1,916.2 1,267.5
Zinc 1,457.1 608.8
Cobalt 209.6 89.8
Oil and grease 19,960.0 11,976.0
TSS 40,918.0 19,461.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 193.5 85.4
Nickel 1,092.5 722.6
Zinc 830.7 347.1
Cobalt 119.5 51.2
Oil and grease 11,380.0 6,828.0
TSS 23,329.0 11,095.5
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(5) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 557.6 246.0
Nickel 3,148.8 2,082.8
Zinc 2,394.4 1,000.4
Cobalt 344.4 147.6
Oil and grease 32,800.0 19,680.0
TSS 67,240.0 31,980.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(6) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cells produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cells produced
Cadmium 6.29 2.77
Nickel 35.54 23.50
Zinc 27.02 11.29
Cobalt 3.89 1.66
Oil and grease 370.20 222.12
TSS 758.91 360.94
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(7) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium powder produced
Cadmium 22.34 9.86
Nickel 126.14 83.44
Zinc 95.92 40.08
Cobalt 13.80 5.91
Oil and grease 1,314.00 788.40
TSS 2,693.00 1,281.20
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(8) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of silver powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of silver powder produced
Cadmium 7.21 3.18
Nickel 40.70 26.92
Silver 8.69 3.61
Zinc 30.95 12.93
Cobalt 4.45 1.91
Oil and grease 424.00 254.40
TSS 869.20 413.40
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(9) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium used
Cadmium 0.31 0.14
Nickel 1.73 1.14
Zinc 1.31 0.55
Cobalt 0.19 0.08
Oil and grease 18.00 10.80
TSS 36.90 17.60
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(10) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel used
Cadmium 37.4 16.5
Nickel 211.2 139.7
Zinc 160.6 67.1
Cobalt 23.1 9.9
Oil and grease 2,200.0 1,320.0
TSS 4,510.0 2,145.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

§ 461.12 Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT).

(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 11.95 5.27
Nickel 67.49 44.64
Zinc 51.32 21.44
Cobalt 7.38 3.16

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 68.0 30.0
Nickel 384.0 254.0
Zinc 292.0 122.0
Cobalt 42.0 18.0

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 11.22 4.95
Nickel 63.36 41.91
Zinc 48.18 20.13
Cobalt 6.93 2.97

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 68.0 30.0
Nickel 384.0 254.0
Zinc 292.0 122.0
Cobalt 42.0 18.0

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cells produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cells produced
Cadmium 0.79 0.35
Nickel 4.47 2.96
Zinc 3.40 1.42
Cobalt 0.49 0.21

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium powder produced
Cadmium 2.23 0.99
Nickel 12.61 8.34
Zinc 9.59 4.01
Cobalt 1.38 0.59

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of silver powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of silver powder produced
Cadmium 1.09 0.48
Nickel 6.16 4.08
Silver 1.32 0.55
Zinc 4.69 1.96
Cobalt 0.67 0.29

(8) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium used
Cadmium 0.05 0.02
Nickel 0.27 0.18
Zinc 0.20 0.09
Cobalt 0.03 0.01

(9) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel used
Cadmium 5.61 2.48
Nickel 31.68 20.96
Zinc 24.09 10.07
Cobalt 3.47 1.49

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

§ 461.13 New source performance standards (NSPS).

(a) The discharge of wastewater pollutants from any new source subject to this subpart shall not exceed the standards set forth below:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 7.03 2.81
Nickel 19.33 13.01
Zinc 35.85 14.76
Cobalt 4.92 2.46
Oil and grease 351.5 351.5
TSS 527.3 421.8
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 40.0 16.0
Nickel 110.0 74.0
Zinc 204.0 84.0
Cobalt 28.0 14.0
Oil and grease 2,000.0 2,000.0
TSS 3,000.0 2,400.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 6.60 2.64
Nickel 18.15 12.21
Zinc 33.66 13.86
Cobalt 4.62 2.31
Oil and grease 330.0 330.0
TSS 495.0 396.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 40.0 16.0
Nickel 110.0 74.0
Zinc 204.0 84.0
Cobalt 28.0 14.0
Oil and grease 2,000.0 2,000.0
TSS 3,000.0 2,400.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cells produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cells produced
Cadmium 0.47 0.19
Nickel 1.28 0.86
Zinc 2.38 0.98
Cobalt 0.33 0.16
Oil and grease 23.3 23.3
TSS 35.0 28.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium powder produced
Cadmium 1.31 0.53
Nickel 3.61 2.43
Zinc 6.70 2.76
Cobalt 0.92 0.46
Oil and grease 65.70 65.70
TSS 98.55 78.84
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of silver powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of silver powder produced
Cadmium 0.64 0.26
Nickel 1.77 1.19
Silver 0.93 0.39
Zinc 3.27 1.35
Cobalt 0.45 0.22
Oil and grease 32.10 32.10
TSS 48.15 38.52
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(8) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium used
Cadmium 0.028 0.011
Nickel 0.077 0.051
Zinc 0.142 0.058
Cobalt 0.019 0.009
Oil and grease 1.40 1.40
TSS 2.10 1.68
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(9) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production—NSPS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel used
Cadmium 3.30 1.32
Nickel 9.08 6.11
Zinc 16.83 6.93
Cobalt 2.31 1.16
Oil and grease 165.0 165.0
TSS 247.5 198.0
pH (1) (1)
1 Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

[49 FR 9134, Mar. 9, 1984; 49 FR 13879, Apr. 9, 1984]

§ 461.14 Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 403.7 and 403.13, any existing source subject to this subpart which introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 CFR part 403 and achieve the pretreatment standards for existing sources listed below:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes.

PSES

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 11.95 5.27
Nickel 67.49 44.64
Zinc 51.32 21.44
Cobalt 7.38 3.16

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes.

PSES

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 68.0 30.0
Nickel 384.0 254.0
Zinc 292.0 122.0
Cobalt 42.0 18.0

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes.

PSES

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 11.22 4.95
Nickel 63.36 41.91
Zinc 48.18 20.13
Cobalt 6.93 2.97

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 68.0 30.0
Nickel 384.0 254.0
Zinc 292.0 122.0
Cobalt 42.0 18.0

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cells produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cells produced
Cadmium 0.79 0.35
Nickel 4.47 2.96
Zinc 3.40 1.42
Cobalt 0.49 0.21

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium powder produced
Cadmium 2.23 0.99
Nickel 12.61 8.34
Zinc 9.59 4.01
Cobalt 1.38 0.59

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of silver powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of silver powder produced
Cadmium 1.09 0.48
Nickel 6.16 4.08
Silver 1.32 0.55
Zinc 4.69 1.96
Cobalt 0.67 0.29

(8) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium used
Cadmium 0.05 0.02
Nickel 0.27 0.18
Zinc 0.20 0.09
Cobalt 0.03 0.012

(9) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production—PSES.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel used
Cadmium 5.61 2.48
Nickel 31.68 20.96
Zinc 24.09 10.07
Cobalt 3.47 1.49

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

§ 461.15 Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 403.7 any new source subject to this subpart that introduces pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works must comply with 40 CFR part 403 and achieve the pretreatment standards for new sources listed below:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 7.03 2.81
Nickel 19.33 13.01
Zinc 35.85 14.76
Cobalt 4.92 2.46

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium
Cadmium 40.0 16.0
Nickel 110.0 74.0
Zinc 204.0 84.0
Cobalt 28.0 14.0

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 6.60 2.64
Nickel 18.15 12.21
Zinc 33.66 13.86
Cobalt 4.62 2.31

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel applied
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel applied
Cadmium 40.0 16.0
Nickel 110.0 74.0
Zinc 204.0 84.0
Cobalt 28.0 14.0

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cells produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cells produced
Cadmium 0.47 0.19
Nickel 1.28 0.86
Zinc 2.38 0.98
Cobalt 0.33 0.16

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average.
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium powder produced
Cadmium 1.31 0.53
Nickel 3.61 2.43
Zinc 6.70 2.76
Cobalt 0.92 0.46

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average.
Metric units—mg/kg of silver powder produced
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of silver powder produced
Cadmium 0.64 0.26
Nickel 1.77 1.19
Silver 0.93 0.39
Zinc 3.27 1.35
Cobalt 0.45 0.22

(8) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of cadmium used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of cadmium used
Cadmium 0.028 0.011
Nickel 0.077 0.051
Zinc 0.142 0.058
Cobalt 0.019 0.009

(9) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production—PSNS.

Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average
Metric units—mg/kg of nickel used
English units—pounds per 1,000,000 pounds of nickel used
Cadmium 3.30 1.32
Nickel 9.08 6.11
Zinc 16.83 6.93
Cobalt 2.31 1.16

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.